深部煤层钻屑粒度随钻进深度分布规律

为了研究煤层钻屑粒度随钻进深度分布规律，选取具有冲击危险性的平煤八矿己15煤作为研究对象，采取钻屑量测试和孔口瓦斯浓度监测，通过筛分实验煤样并应用Rosin Rammler分布模型，探究了钻屑粒度和钻屑量大小随孔深变化关系，分析不同点钻屑粒度分布特征。结果表明:小于0.075 mm钻屑粒度分布随孔深变化与钻屑量变化规律相吻合；不同钻孔随深度变化分别对应不同Rosin Rammler分布函数，随着应力过渡越平缓，粒径分布宽度系数n值越小，煤体应力越大粒径相关系数D越大；不同范围钻屑粒度占比大小也会影响钻屑量大小；在钻屑量较大时，孔口瓦斯体积分数会出现增高现象。通过对钻屑粒度分布规律分析，更好地了解深部煤体应力分布，有助于冲击危险的预警。     

山区和平原连接处SF6试验及扩散规律研究

为更好了解污染物在复杂地形条件下的湍流扩散规律,2010年9月开展了一系列SF6示踪扩散试验,获取了SF6浓度数据,以此实验数据为基础,计算出SF6浓度分布在水平和垂直方向的扩散标准差、地面峰值浓度等参数,并与P-T-C扩散参数进行对比,总结得出了污染物在山区和平原连接处中性、稳定、强稳定等气象条件下湍流扩散规律。     

城市交通干道降雨径流中PAHs的污染特征

以上海、温州市典型交通干道地表径流为研究对象,分析了样品中16种溶解态和颗粒态PAHs浓度,了解了城市交通干道降雨径流中PAHs污染特征及其动态变化过程.结果表明,径流中∑PAHs(包括溶解相、颗粒相)浓度范围为919.8～16711.6ng·L-1,溶解相中PAHs浓度要远低于颗粒相(分别为4.9～1558.0ng·L-1,635.4～16624.0ng·L-1).通过对3场降雨事件中PAHs浓度随降雨过程变化的研究,可以发现并不是所有道路径流都有初期冲刷效应,初期冲刷的产生受雨前干期、降雨强度以及径流量等因素共同作用,因此简单拦截初期径流并不能十分有效地降低PAHs污染负荷.径流中PAHs在颗粒相-水相间的分配系数Kp值为2.3×104～2.5×106L·kg-1,随着悬浮颗粒物含量增加而减少,这可能跟径流过程中颗粒物粒径组成有关.     

生物流化床短程硝化的快速启动及影响因素研究

采用内循环生物流化床反应器处理模拟高浓度氨氮废水,以确定其对处理高浓度氨氮废水的可行性,同时对试验条件进行了优化。结果研究表明:控制温度为(31±1)℃,利用反应器自身流化所携带溶解的空气,反应器内DO值可维持在1.5~2.5 mg/L,调节pH为8.0~8.5。经过42 d的污泥驯化适应时期,进水氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度由50 mg/L提高到300 mg/L。由于流化床采用填料载体微生物膜与活性污泥双重作用,同时载体呈流化状态,接触均匀,有巨大的比表面积,可以使床内保持高浓度的生物量,从而达到高效快速的传质效果。在HRT由开始的16 h缩短到8 h的条件下,氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率达到90%以上,亚硝氮(NO2--N)的积累率达到75%。且在以后30 d的稳定运行阶段,氨氮(NH4+-N)去除率和亚硝氮(NO2--N)积累率均保持稳定。同时反应器最后出水水质澄清,无需二沉池及污泥处理。     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

Measurement of air exchange rates in different indoor environments using continuous CO2 sensors

A new air exchange rate (AER) monitoring method using continuous CO₂ sensors was developed and validated through both laboratory experiments and field studies. Controlled laboratory simulation tests were conducted in a 1-m³ environmental chamber at different AERs (0.1-10.0 hr^-1). AERs were determined using the decay method based on box model assumptions. Field tests were conducted in classrooms, dormitories, meeting rooms and apartments during 2-5 weekdays using CO₂ sensors coupled with data loggers. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentrations were continuously monitored while outdoor parameters combined with on-site climate conditions were recorded. Statistical results indicated that good laboratory performance was achieved: duplicate precision was within 10%, and the measured AERs were 90%-120% of the real AERs. Average AERs were 1.22, 1.37, 1.10, 1.91 and 0.73 hr^-1 in dormitories, air-conditioned classrooms, classrooms with an air circulation cooling system, reading rooms, and meeting rooms, respectively. In an elderly particulate matter exposure study, all the homes had AER values ranging from 0.29 to 3.46 hr??1 in fall, and 0.12 to 1.39 hr^-1 in winter with a median AER of 1.15.     

广州市不同功能区大气二噁英含量和分布特征研究

应用气相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪(GC-HRMS)对广州市秋冬季6个区域环境空气样品中的17种2,3,7,8-氯代二英含量进行了检测.结果表明,广州市各观测区域大气中二英毒性当量浓度范围为0.151～2.230pg.m-3,均值为0.418pg.m-3.各观测区域空气中二英毒性当量浓度分布存在一定的差异,本研究的背景区、居民住宅区和商业区二英毒性当量浓度较低且水平相近,分别为(0.294±0.099)、(0.305±0.115)、(0.308±0.102)pg.m-3.交通枢纽区、郊区和工业区二英毒性当量浓度相对较高,分别为(0.342±0.049)、(0.423±0.113)和(0.838±0.704)pg·m-3.广州市不同功能区二英毒性当量浓度呈现背景区<住宅区<商业区<交通枢纽区<郊区<工业区的分布特点.与2004年相比,广州市城区二英毒性当量浓度有所下降,郊区毒性当量浓度有所上升.     

Air quality management in China: Issues, challenges, and options

This article analyzed the control progress and current status of air quality,identified the major air pollution issues and challenges in future,proposed the long-term air pollution control targets,and ...     

新疆部分城市可吸入颗粒物的浓度及粒径分布

采用TH-β10大气颗粒物浓度监测仪,从2011年4-5月在乌鲁木齐、奎屯、阿克苏、库尔勒、喀什、和田市环境监测站采集大气可吸入颗粒物PM2.5、PM5和PM10样品,分析了不同采样点大气颗粒物的质量浓度变化范围及与TSP的相应比值。结果表明,不论是PM2.5、PM5还是PM10,阿克苏市可吸入颗粒物的质量浓度变化幅度较大,其次是库尔勒市,其余采样点在采样期间的浓度变化幅度不大,并且库尔勒、喀什、奎屯、阿克苏四个城市PM5/TSP和PM2.5/TSP的比例大,除喀什、阿克苏的PM10/TSP的比例接近于1之外,其余可吸入颗粒物的浓度均小于TSP;采用显微镜观测成像技术结合血球计数板方法,利用粒径分布函数分析对六个城市的PM10和5个城市的PM2.5颗粒物在不同粒径的分布进行了分析。结果表明,对于PM10而言,阿克苏在dp<0.5的粒径范围内分布函数高达79%、喀什在dp=0.5~0.6μm之间为44%、和田则在dp=1.2~2.2μm出现20%的最大粒径分布函数。就PM2.5而言,库尔勒在dp<0.5、dp=0.5~0.6、0.6~1.2μm区间内的分布函数均为最大值,其值分为79%、50%、50%,可以说明在采样期间,库尔勒市区的颗粒物在粒径小于1.2μm出现的几率更大些,即颗粒物以积聚模态为主。     

气象条件对上甸子地区气溶胶散射特征的影响

利用北京地区上甸子站气溶胶散射系数、PM2.5质量浓度和气象要素1 a的观测资料,研究不同天气条件下上甸子地区散射系数的变化特征,并讨论了气象条件对散射系数的影响.结果表明,散射系数在雾霾天最高608.4 Mm-1,其次为雾天500.6 Mm-1和霾天423.7 Mm-1,是一般天气散射系数的6.4～9.2倍.在各类天...